Maneuvers of Aircraft.

Following are the maneuvers of aircraft:

Take-Off: The take off is a portion of an aircraft movement,during which the aircraft accelerates  on ground from state of rest to initial climb. 

In general ,during take off aircraft should obtain sufficient lift to support the weight of the aircraft. The aircraft lifts up (airborne) after reaching calculated of speed and then increases the AOA by up movement of the elevators. In some big jet aircraft,the high lift devices are extended during takeoff to lower the stall speed,which decreases the take-off speed and required runway length. 

The take off speed is always higher than stall speed by about 120% of stall speed. 

Climb: The climb is a portion of an aircraft flight,between lift-off and cruising altitude. During climb,thrust needed is greater than the drag,aircraft climbs when the lift is greater than weight. Rate of climb depends upon the engine power than AOA. 

In case of engine failure in the flight,the climb performance will decrease due to the loss of thrust and additional drag of the propeller. 

Types of Climb: Best angle of climb of speed is at the best altitude versus distance ratio or for clearing obstructions. 

Best rate of climb speed ia at the best versus time ratio. 

Optimum climb speed is best overall economy (flight time,speed and fuel burn)

Cruise: The cruise is a level flight condition at optimum speed in clean configuration from top of climb to top of descent. The cruise altitude varies with types of aircraft,sector distance,take-off weight,ATC,upper-wind and many other factors. 

If the airplane cruises lower than optimum cruising altitude,the engines,the engine burn more fuel,which may not be cost effective.

When the aircraft is heavy for high altitude cruise,the aircraft does the step climb-cruise. Initially aircraft flies at lower cruising level. The aircraft after burning the fuel in the low level cruise becomes lighter for higher optimum cruising level then step-climbs to higher cruising level .

Types of Cruise(speed): The different types of the cruise are optimum speed cruise,fixed Mach number cruise,long range,maximum endurance and high speed cruise,engines out cruise etc.

Straight and level flight: In straight and level and un-accelerated flight(constant speed,altitude and heading). 

1. Lift acting vertically upwards through the center of pressure equals weight
2. The weight of the airplane acting vertically down wards through the center of gravity.
3. The thrust,pulling horizontally forwards equal drag. 
4. Drag force acting parallel to flight path in the opposite directions. 

Glide: Glide is a portion of aircraft flight,in which an aircraft descends under the influence of gravity. Among the four forces,aircraft is now deprived of the thrust. Lift is now not vertical, but at right angles to the path of the glide. 

Glide Angle: To obtain maximum distance,the aircraft must fly at AOA which gives best L/D ratio. The flatter the glide angle,the aircraft will glide larger distance. 

During the power-off gliding,the power comes from the potential energy. To give up this potential energy the aircraft must loose height. The potential energy is the energy the body possesses due to the position in relation to suitable level(weight). The space shuttle during re-entry to earth atmosphere is an example of glide. 

Landing: Landing is bringing the aircraft to touch down point at the lowest possible vertical velocity (sink rate) and horizontal velocity. To lower the approach and the landing speed,lift,must be as large as possible,thus devices like flaps and slats are extended. 

Landing speed is always higher than the stall speed,by about 130% of stall speed. 

Taxing: Movement of aircraft  in the ground to reach the runway or parking.